{"id":15080,"date":"2021-05-25T19:48:12","date_gmt":"2021-05-25T17:48:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/?p=15080"},"modified":"2021-08-09T14:22:07","modified_gmt":"2021-08-09T12:22:07","slug":"apres-la-guerre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html","title":{"rendered":"Apr\u00e8s la guerre"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px\">March\u00e9 de No\u00ebl sur la Place de la Libert\u00e9 (Brest). Source : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brest-metropole-tourisme.fr\/decouvrir\/actualites\/noel-a-brest-47227\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Office de tourisme Brest m\u00e9tropole<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>Rappelle-toi Barbara <\/em><\/p><p><em>Il pleuvait sans cesse sur Brest ce jour-l\u00e0<\/em><\/p><p><em>Et tu marchais souriante<\/em><\/p><cite>Barbara (Jacques Pr\u00e9vert, 1946)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Traduit par Marc Long<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J&rsquo;ai d\u00e9couvert Brest lors d&rsquo;un congr\u00e8s en 2000. La ville m&rsquo;a laiss\u00e9 une impression \u00e9trange, comme si j&rsquo;\u00e9tais dans une maquette grandeur nature. Tout \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s bien rang\u00e9 et \u00e0 sa place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J&rsquo;ai vite appris que Brest avait \u00e9t\u00e9 ras\u00e9e (litt\u00e9ralement) pendant les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le sentiment que j\u2019avais de ses rues \u00e9manait donc de quelque chose de bien r\u00e9el.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd-1030x686.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd-1030x686.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"14717\" class=\"wp-image-14717\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd-1030x686.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd-1500x998.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd-705x469.jpg 705w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/experiencia-erasmus-brest-francia-alexandra-ccc1a4967ebca494e568cdc52dc2b1fd.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Brest. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/erasmusu.com\/es\/erasmus-brest\/experiencias-erasmus\/experiencia-erasmus-en-brest-francia-de-alexandra-186283\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/erasmusu.com\/es\/erasmus-brest\/experiencias-erasmus\/experiencia-erasmus-en-brest-francia-de-alexandra-186283\">erasmusu.com<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/870x489_gettyimages-813463698-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/870x489_gettyimages-813463698-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"14719\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/870x489_gettyimages-813463698-1.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/?attachment_id=14719\" class=\"wp-image-14719\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/870x489_gettyimages-813463698-1.jpg 870w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/870x489_gettyimages-813463698-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/870x489_gettyimages-813463698-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/870x489_gettyimages-813463698-1-705x396.jpg 705w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/870x489_gettyimages-813463698-1-450x253.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Vue panoramique depuis le ch\u00e2teau de Brest. Auteur: Getty. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.francebleu.fr\/emissions\/ar-valeadenn-la-balade-en-breton\/breizh-izel\/teatr-piba-o-krouin-e-brest-deomp-da-bourmen-sambles-gant-thomas-cloarec\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.francebleu.fr\/emissions\/ar-valeadenn-la-balade-en-breton\/breizh-izel\/teatr-piba-o-krouin-e-brest-deomp-da-bourmen-sambles-gant-thomas-cloarec\">France Bleu<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au fil des ans, j&rsquo;ai d\u00e9couvert que la Bretagne est une r\u00e9gion qui regorge de villages charmants: maisons, ch\u00e2teaux et b\u00e2timents uniques vous ramenant des si\u00e8cles en arri\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rennes, Saint Malo et Lorient sont des exemples d&rsquo;autres villes bretonnes d\u00e9truites pendant la guerre. Mais le cas de Brest est particulier: c\u2019\u00e9tait un important port militaire occup\u00e9 par les nazis en 1940, o\u00f9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite une base de sous-marins. Ils y ont fait une place forte pendant 4 ans <em>et ne l&rsquo;ont pas quitt\u00e9e de leur propre initiative&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Octroi.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"737\" src=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Octroi.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"14721\" class=\"wp-image-14721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Octroi.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Octroi-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Octroi-768x553.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Octroi-705x507.jpg 705w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Octroi-450x324.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/lebrestoisblog.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/12\/brest-et-a-la-seconde-guerre-mondiale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/lebrestoisblog.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/12\/brest-et-a-la-seconde-guerre-mondiale\/\">lebrestoisblog<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Numerisation_201607012.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"365\" src=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Numerisation_201607012.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"14722\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Numerisation_201607012.png\" data-link=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/?attachment_id=14722\" class=\"wp-image-14722\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Numerisation_201607012.png 600w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Numerisation_201607012-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Numerisation_201607012-450x274.png 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Les rives de la Penfeld (Brest) en octobre 1945. Auteur : Gilda Priol. Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brest3945.com\/chronologie\/1945-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.brest3945.com\/chronologie\/1945-2\/\">brest3945 <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brest a subi des bombardements continus (<em>plus de 300 !<\/em>) par les Alli\u00e9s jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 sa lib\u00e9ration en 1944. Le si\u00e8ge de Brest a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9vastateur et lorsque les troupes am\u00e9ricaines ont hiss\u00e9 leur drapeau, elles l&rsquo;ont fait au milieu d&rsquo;un champs de ruines, dans un paysage post-apocalyptique. Seule une bonne partie du ch\u00e2teau m\u00e9di\u00e9val et le mus\u00e9e de la marine \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur ont r\u00e9sist\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/explosion-d-une-mine-allemande-en-rade-de-brest-le_5326267_676x338p.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/explosion-d-une-mine-allemande-en-rade-de-brest-le_5326267_676x338p.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14715\" width=\"411\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/explosion-d-une-mine-allemande-en-rade-de-brest-le_5326267_676x338p.jpg 676w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/explosion-d-une-mine-allemande-en-rade-de-brest-le_5326267_676x338p-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/explosion-d-une-mine-allemande-en-rade-de-brest-le_5326267_676x338p-450x225.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>D\u00e9minage d\u2019une mine dans la rade de Brest (15 septiembre 2020). Auteur : Marine Nationale. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.letelegramme.fr\/finistere\/camaret-sur-mer\/deux-bombes-decouvertes-en-baie-de-camaret-operation-de-deminage-ce-mercredi-28-09-2020-12627391.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.letelegramme.fr\/finistere\/camaret-sur-mer\/deux-bombes-decouvertes-en-baie-de-camaret-operation-de-deminage-ce-mercredi-28-09-2020-12627391.php\">Le T\u00e9l\u00e9gramme<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>La reconstruction a \u00e9t\u00e9 loin d&rsquo;\u00eatre facile.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aujourd&rsquo;hui, Brest est une ville d&rsquo;apparence moderne, <strong>sans centre historique<\/strong>. Des obus, des mines et des bombes d&rsquo;avion, y sont encore r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement retrouv\u00e9s, (dans le sous-sol et dans la rade).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elle compte quelques 140 000 habitants et (au cas o\u00f9 cela vous int\u00e9resserait) est jumel\u00e9e avec Coru\u00f1a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depuis la fin du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, une augmentation progressive du dinoflagell\u00e9 <strong><em>Alexandrium minutum<\/em><\/strong>, producteur de toxines paralysantes (saxitoxines), a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9e dans la baie de Brest. Sa premi\u00e8re prolif\u00e9ration en Bretagne a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tect\u00e9e en 1987, <em>mais plus au sud<\/em>, dans la baie de Vilaine&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans la rade de Brest, sa pr\u00e9sence \u00e9tait occasionelle jusqu&rsquo;en 2008. Mais en 2009, une premi\u00e8re efflorescence importante a eu lieu, suivie en 2012 d\u2019une autre prolif\u00e9ration tr\u00e8s importante. L\u2019efflorescence de 2012 a provoqu\u00e9 les premi\u00e8res contaminations de coquillages avec des niveaux d\u00e9passant 10 fois les niveaux autoris\u00e9s de saxitoxines, entrainant ainsi des interdictions de commercialisation. Les prolif\u00e9rations se sont \u00e9tendues \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres estuaires de la c\u00f4te atlantique fran\u00e7aise, o\u00f9 le dinoflagell\u00e9 continue \u00e0 provoquer des fermetures fr\u00e9quentes dans le secteur de l&rsquo;aquaculture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans une telle situation, on peut se demander si <strong><em>A. minutum<\/em><\/strong> est l&rsquo;exception dans un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me stable ou si sa r\u00e9cente prolif\u00e9ration refl\u00e8te des changements plus larges dans les communaut\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/eaux_brun_rouges_dans_la_penze_image500.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/eaux_brun_rouges_dans_la_penze_image500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14751\" width=\"356\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/eaux_brun_rouges_dans_la_penze_image500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/eaux_brun_rouges_dans_la_penze_image500-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/eaux_brun_rouges_dans_la_penze_image500-450x265.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Mar\u00e9e rouge de <em>Alexandrium minutum<\/em> dans l\u2019estuaire de la Penz\u00e9 (Bretagne). Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/envlit.ifremer.fr\/layout\/set\/print\/documents\/dossiers\/phytorisk\/version_francaise\/le_phytoplancton\/em_alexandrium_minutum_em\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/envlit.ifremer.fr\/layout\/set\/print\/documents\/dossiers\/phytorisk\/version_francaise\/le_phytoplancton\/em_alexandrium_minutum_em\">Ifremer<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alors&#8230; <strong>le phytoplancton de la rade de Brest a-t-il chang\u00e9 ?<\/strong> Eh bien, la r\u00e9ponse est <strong>OUI<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Et maintenant posons-nous les questions suivantes: <strong>quand, comment et pourquoi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les s\u00e9ries historiques sur le phytoplancton ne datent que de quelques d\u00e9cennies et n&rsquo;offrent pas de larges perspectives (\u00e0 l&rsquo;exception, par exemple, de l&rsquo;enqu\u00eate CPR britannique <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cprsurvey.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>CPR survey<\/strong><\/a>, qui a d\u00e9but\u00e9 en 1931).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><em>Mais il existe des alternatives<\/em>. <\/em>La d\u00e9tection des formes de r\u00e9sistance (kystes) dans les s\u00e9diments des fonds marins et les analyses de l&rsquo;ADN environnemental permettent de savoir si un dinoflagell\u00e9 toxique comme <em>A. minutum<\/em> est nouveau dans le voisinage ou s\u2019il est un r\u00e9sident r\u00e9gulier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une premi\u00e8re \u00e9tude en 1993 <strong>(Erard-Le Denn et al.)<\/strong> n&rsquo;a pas d\u00e9tect\u00e9 de kystes d&rsquo;<em>A. minutum<\/em> dans les s\u00e9diments de la rade de Brest avant 1990. Mais <strong>Siano et al.<\/strong> <strong>en 2021<\/strong> sont all\u00e9s un peu plus loin, en \u00e9chantillonnant 3 zones dans la rade de Brest. Ils ont analys\u00e9 l&rsquo;ADN environnemental dans des carottes de s\u00e9diments du fond de la rade (de la surface jusqu\u2019\u00e0 une profondeur maximale de 12 m) <em>pour reconstituer les pal\u00e9ocommunaut\u00e9s de protistes <\/em>(autrement dit les communaut\u00e9s que l\u2019on retrouvait en rade \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque)<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ils ont ainsi r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 en reconstituer la composition, microalgues comprises, et remonter jusqu&rsquo;au Moyen \u00c2ge (1121\u00b1149). C&rsquo;est de cette mani\u00e8re qu&rsquo;il est possible de conna\u00eetre le point de d\u00e9part de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque pr\u00e9industrielle et d&rsquo;aborder des questions aussi int\u00e9ressantes que celles que vous verrez ci-dessous&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au cours des si\u00e8cles qui ont vu les r\u00e8gnes de <strong>Fran\u00e7ois Ier<\/strong> (1515-1547), du Roi-Soleil, <strong>Louis XIV<\/strong> (1643-1715) ou du dernier Bonaparte (<strong>Napol\u00e9on III<\/strong>, 1852-1870), le phytoplancton brestois est rest\u00e9 impassible tant pour l&rsquo;avenir de la France que pour celui de l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9 en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Biecheleria.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Biecheleria.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14749\" width=\"329\" height=\"337\"\/><\/a><figcaption><em>Biecheleria tirezensis<\/em>. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09670262.2017.1386328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09670262.2017.1386328\">Raho et col. (2018)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A cette \u00e9poque, la rade de Brest \u00e9tait domin\u00e9e par des <strong>dinoflagell\u00e9s<\/strong> de l&rsquo;ordre des <strong>Suessiales<\/strong> (<em>Pelagodinium et Biecheleria\/Protodinium<\/em>). Les Suessiales ne produisent pas de toxines mais ils se caract\u00e9risent par un grand nombre de plaques th\u00e9cales par rapport aux autres dinoflagell\u00e9s. <em>Pourquoi ? Eh bien, allez savoir<\/em>&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Puis, parmi les <strong>stram\u00e9nopiles<\/strong> &#8211; qui comprennent les protistes h\u00e9t\u00e9rotrophes et les diatom\u00e9es &#8211; les premiers ont r\u00e9gn\u00e9 en ma\u00eetres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Les changements dans le phytoplancton de la baie de Brest sont seulement intervenus au milieu du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les communaut\u00e9s de dinoflagell\u00e9s ont chang\u00e9 radicalement au cours des ann\u00e9es 1940. Les Suessiales \u00ab\u00a0historiques\u00a0\u00bb ont \u00e9t\u00e9 remplac\u00e9es par un nouvel ordre, les <strong>Gonyaulacales<\/strong>, d&rsquo;abord par le genre <em>Gonyaulax<\/em> et \u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 1980 par <strong><em>Alexandrium<\/em><\/strong> et <strong><em>Heterocapsa<\/em><\/strong> (ordre des <strong>Peridiniales<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quant aux <strong>stram\u00e9nopiles<\/strong>, dans les ann\u00e9es 40 et 50, le r\u00e8gne des organismes h\u00e9t\u00e9rotrophes a fait place aux <strong>diatom\u00e9es<\/strong> parmi lesquelles <strong><em>Chaetoceros<\/em><\/strong> s&rsquo;est distingu\u00e9 jusque dans les ann\u00e9es 1980. Puis, depuis les ann\u00e9es 1990, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 <em>d\u00e9tr\u00f4n\u00e9<\/em> par le genre <strong><em>Thalassiosira<\/em><\/strong> entre autres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Que s&rsquo;est-il pass\u00e9 au cours de ces deux p\u00e9riodes du 20e si\u00e8cle (ann\u00e9es 1940 et 1980) pour que le phytoplancton subisse des changements irr\u00e9versibles?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Et bien, une activit\u00e9 industrielle fr\u00e9n\u00e9tique li\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;occupation nazie entre 1940 et 1944 et la chute de 30 000 tonnes de bombes sur la ville qui a s\u00fbrement contamin\u00e9 la baie (directement et par les eaux continentales).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est ainsi que le po\u00e8me \u00ab\u00a0Barbara\u00a0\u00bb d\u00e9crit cet enfer: \u00ab\u00a0<em>Sous cette pluie de fer \/ De feu d&rsquo;acier de sang<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb <strong>(J. Pr\u00e9vert)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20210422_10.1016_j.cub_.2021.03.079.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20210422_10.1016_j.cub_.2021.03.079.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14752\" width=\"395\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20210422_10.1016_j.cub_.2021.03.079.jpg 375w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20210422_10.1016_j.cub_.2021.03.079-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20210422_10.1016_j.cub_.2021.03.079-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20210422_10.1016_j.cub_.2021.03.079-36x36.jpg 36w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20210422_10.1016_j.cub_.2021.03.079-180x180.jpg 180w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20210422_10.1016_j.cub_.2021.03.079-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/20210422_10.1016_j.cub_.2021.03.079-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>R\u00e9sum\u00e9 graphique des r\u00e9sultats des paleocommunaut\u00e9s en rade de Brest. Auteur: Siano et col. (2021). Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.x-mol.com\/paper\/1384992535663894528\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.x-mol.com\/paper\/1384992535663894528\">x-mol.com<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Siano et al. <\/strong><\/strong>avouent la difficult\u00e9 de conna\u00eetre avec pr\u00e9cision la composition m\u00e9tallique des projectiles mais les anomalies de plomb et de chrome dans les s\u00e9diments de Brest co\u00efncident avec celles de Pearl Harbor (USA) apr\u00e8s le violent bombardement de l&rsquo;aviation japonaise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Et les changements intervenus dans les ann\u00e9es 80 et 90 ? <\/strong><\/strong>Dans ce cas, ils seraient li\u00e9s au d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre du rapport azote\/phosphore (N\/P) en rade de Brest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les nitrates provenant des engrais et du regain d&rsquo;activit\u00e9 agricole \u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 1950-60 sont la cause de ce d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre. Le d\u00e9veloppement agricole continu dans la seconde moiti\u00e9 du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle a conduit \u00e0 un doublement des taux de nitrates dans les rivi\u00e8res de l\u2019Aulne et de l\u2019Elorn entre les ann\u00e9es 1970 et 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les changements anthropiques diminuent \u00e9galement le rapport entre le silicate (Si) et N et P, ce qui a d&rsquo;autres cons\u00e9quences sur la composition du phytoplancton : la productivit\u00e9 des diatom\u00e9es peut perdre du poids au profit d&rsquo;autres groupes, notamment les <strong>dinoflagell\u00e9s toxiques<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00e9anmoins, la rade de Brest a bien r\u00e9sist\u00e9 aux prolif\u00e9rations de dinoflagell\u00e9s toxiques jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie. Et une curieuse hypoth\u00e8se pourrait expliquer cel\u00e0 : <strong>une \u201cbombe \u00e0 retardement\u201d de silicate li\u00e9e \u00e0 un organisme invasif<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la culture de l&rsquo;hu\u00eetre du Pacifique (<em>Crassostrea gigas<\/em>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite et, avec elle, une autre esp\u00e8ce invasive sans valeur \u00e9conomique : le gast\u00e9ropode <em>Crepidula fornicata<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les populations de Crepidules se sont tellement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es qu\u2019elles ont fini par couvrir de vastes zones au fond de la rade de Brest&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Crepidula-fornicata.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Crepidula-fornicata.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14844\" width=\"377\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Crepidula-fornicata.png 850w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Crepidula-fornicata-284x300.png 284w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Crepidula-fornicata-768x811.png 768w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Crepidula-fornicata-667x705.png 667w, https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Crepidula-fornicata-450x475.png 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Communaut\u00e9s de <em>Crepidula fornicata<\/em> et coquilles Saint-Jacques dans la rade de Brest. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/277713657_Marine_Species_Introduced_on_the_French_Channel-Atlantic_Coasts_A_Review_of_Main_Biological_Invasions_and_Impacts#fullTextFileContent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/277713657_Marine_Species_Introduced_on_the_French_Channel-Atlantic_Coasts_A_Review_of_Main_Biological_Invasions_and_Impacts#fullTextFileContent\">Stiger-Pouvreau &amp; Thouzeau (2015)<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il y avait des plans pour les \u00e9radiquer mais il y a 10 ans les populations ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9gresser (<em>on ne sait pour quelle raison<\/em>). Ils constituaient une menace s\u00e9rieuse pour l&rsquo;aquaculture car ils entraient en comp\u00e9tition avec des bivalves d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat commercial comme les coquilles Saint-Jacques (<em>Pecten maximus<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Mais les Crepidules ont un autre effet<\/strong>. <\/strong>Ils filtrent l&rsquo;eau et produisent des bio-d\u00e9p\u00f4ts enrichis en silicate, \u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel pour les diatom\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ainsi, apr\u00e8s la <em>prolif\u00e9ration<\/em> des diatom\u00e9es au printemps, les bio-d\u00e9p\u00f4ts de <em>Crepidula<\/em> retenant les silicates se dissolvaient ensuite dans l&rsquo;eau, et facilitaient la croissance des diatom\u00e9es pendant l&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au d\u00e9but du 21e si\u00e8cle, des r\u00e9sultats exp\u00e9rimentaux et des mod\u00e8les ont appuy\u00e9 cette hypoth\u00e8se \u00a0\u00bb <strong>Si\/Crepidule<\/strong> \u00ab\u00a0, indiquant que leur \u00e9radication avait potentiellement augment\u00e9 la probabilit\u00e9 de prolif\u00e9rations de dinoflagell\u00e9s toxiques en raison de la limitation en silicate pendant l&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au cours de la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie, alors que <strong><em>Crepidula<\/em><\/strong> a recul\u00e9, les efflorescences toxiques telles que celles d&rsquo;<strong><em>A. minutum<\/em><\/strong> sont devenues r\u00e9currentes. C&rsquo;est donc le bon moment pour r\u00e9\u00e9valuer cette hypoth\u00e8se \u00e9tablissant un lien entre les diff\u00e9rentes communaut\u00e9s et les \u00e9quilibres biog\u00e9ochimiques actuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&rsquo;\u00e9tude des <strong>pal\u00e9ocommunaut\u00e9s<\/strong> de la baie de Brest <strong>(Siano et al.)<\/strong> montre que l&rsquo;influence humaine en baie de Brest a transform\u00e9 les conditions environnementales pr\u00e9industrielles modifiant in\u00e9luctablement les assemblages de phytoplancton. Ces conditions ont \u00e9galement chang\u00e9 avec l\u2019introduction d\u2019esp\u00e8ces \u00ab\u00a0<em>ing\u00e9nieurs de l&rsquo;\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb telles que <em>Crepidula<\/em> ou d&rsquo;autres esp\u00e8ces invasives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Donc rien n&rsquo;a plus \u00e9t\u00e9 pareil apr\u00e8s la guerre. Tant pour les personnes que pour le phytoplancton&#8230;<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En 1962 sort l&rsquo;album \u00ab\u00a0<strong>Yves Montand chante Jacques Pr\u00e9vert<\/strong>\u00ab\u00a0, qui comprend un po\u00e8me \u00e9mouvant, \u00ab\u00a0<strong>Barbara<\/strong>\u00ab\u00a0, \u00e9crit par Pr\u00e9vert en 1946.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cet article commence et se termine avec lui, pour que nous n&rsquo;oublions pas que la guerre est une connerie qui emporte tout, <em>sauf la douleur et les souvenirs de ceux qui y ont surv\u00e9cu<\/em>&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1500\" height=\"844\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Z3-LnCxTsNs?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=fr-FR&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Remerciements:<\/strong> \u00e0 Marc Long, tant pour une nouvelle traduction que pour m&rsquo;envoyer l&rsquo;article de Raffaele Siano et col.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Chapelle A. y col. The bay of Brest (France), a new risky site for toxic <em>Alexandrium minutum<\/em> blooms and PSP shellfish contamination. Harmful algae news 51:4-5 (2015).<\/li><li>Erard-Le Denn E. y col. In: Smayda T.J. &amp; Shimizu Y. (Eds.). Toxic Phytoplankton in the Sea. Elsevier Science Publisher, pp. 109-114 (1993).<\/li><li>Raho N. y col. <em>Biecheleria tirezensis<\/em> sp. nov. (Dinophyceae, Suessiales), a new halotolerant dinoflagellate species isolated from the athalassohaline Tirez natural pond in Spain. Eur. J. Phycol. 53:99-113 (2018).<\/li><li>Ragueneau O. y col. The Impossible Sustainability of the Bay of Brest? Fifty Years of Ecosystem Changes, Interdisciplinary Knowledge Construction and Key Questions at the Science-Policy-Community Interface. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:124 (2018).<\/li><li>Siano R. y col. Sediment archives reveal irreversible shifts in plankton communities after World War II and agricultural pollution. Curr. Biol. 31:1\u20138 (2021).<\/li><li>Stiger-Pouvreau, P. &amp; Thouzeau, G. Marine Species Introduced on the French Channel-Atlantic Coasts: A Review of Main Biological Invasions and Impacts. Open Journal of Ecology 5:227-257 (2015).<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>J&rsquo;ai d\u00e9couvert Brest lors d&rsquo;un congr\u00e8s en 2000. La ville m&rsquo;a laiss\u00e9 une impression \u00e9trange, comme si j&rsquo;\u00e9tais dans une maquette grandeur nature. Tout \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s bien rang\u00e9 et \u00e0 sa place. J&rsquo;ai vite appris que Brest avait \u00e9t\u00e9 ras\u00e9e (litt\u00e9ralement) pendant les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le sentiment que j\u2019avais de ses rues \u00e9manait donc de quelque chose de bien r\u00e9el.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":14720,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[863],"tags":[936,934,938,937,935,939],"class_list":["post-15080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classifiee","tag-alexandrium-minutum-2","tag-brest-2","tag-crepidula-2","tag-diatomees-2","tag-seconde-guerre-mondiale-2","tag-yves-montand"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Apr\u00e8s la guerre - Fitopasi\u00f3n<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apr\u00e8s la guerre - Fitopasi\u00f3n\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"J&#039;ai d\u00e9couvert Brest lors d&#039;un congr\u00e8s en 2000. La ville m&#039;a laiss\u00e9 une impression \u00e9trange, comme si j&#039;\u00e9tais dans une maquette grandeur nature. Tout \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s bien rang\u00e9 et \u00e0 sa place. J&#039;ai vite appris que Brest avait \u00e9t\u00e9 ras\u00e9e (litt\u00e9ralement) pendant les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le sentiment que j\u2019avais de ses rues \u00e9manait donc de quelque chose de bien r\u00e9el.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Fitopasi\u00f3n\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-05-25T17:48:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-08-09T12:22:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1328\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"998\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Francisco Rodriguez\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Francisco Rodriguez\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Francisco Rodriguez\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b4a4ea098e14f75e2660ed40410d5772\"},\"headline\":\"Apr\u00e8s la guerre\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-05-25T17:48:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-08-09T12:22:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html\"},\"wordCount\":2075,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Alexandrium minutum\",\"Brest\",\"Crepidula\",\"diatom\u00e9es\",\"Seconde Guerre Mondiale\",\"Yves Montand\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Non classifi\u00e9(e)\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html\",\"name\":\"Apr\u00e8s la guerre - Fitopasi\u00f3n\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-05-25T17:48:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-08-09T12:22:07+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg\",\"width\":1328,\"height\":998},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/apres-la-guerre.html#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Portada\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Apr\u00e8s la guerre\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\",\"name\":\"Fitopasi\u00f3n\",\"description\":\"El mundo de las microalgas\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr#organization\",\"name\":\"Fitopasi\u00f3n\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/08\\\/favicon.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/08\\\/favicon.jpg\",\"width\":742,\"height\":742,\"caption\":\"Fitopasi\u00f3n\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b4a4ea098e14f75e2660ed40410d5772\",\"name\":\"Francisco Rodriguez\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/0318abb1ba76dcec44670e093c0c7addfa54d4aae54338a68925cf8ebdb75b71?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/0318abb1ba76dcec44670e093c0c7addfa54d4aae54338a68925cf8ebdb75b71?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/0318abb1ba76dcec44670e093c0c7addfa54d4aae54338a68925cf8ebdb75b71?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Francisco Rodriguez\"},\"description\":\"Investigador del Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, en el Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo. La idea de este blog surgi\u00f3 a partir de mi trabajo con microalgas marinas. Muchas veces pensaba: \u00a1Qu\u00e9 interesante!, y qu\u00e9 pena !!, porque esta historia no la conocen m\u00e1s que unos pocos cient\u00edficos. No puede ser, yo se la quiero contar a m\u00e1s gente. Lo que no sab\u00eda era que yo mismo iba a aprender much\u00edsimas cosas que no hubiera imaginado sin esta iniciativa. As\u00ed que muchas gracias a todos los que le\u00e9is \u201cFitopasi\u00f3n\u201d, porque sin visitas ni lectores esto no tendr\u00eda raz\u00f3n de ser. Espero sinceramente que disfrut\u00e9is tanto, \u00f3 al menos una peque\u00f1a parte, de lo mucho que lo hago yo.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fitopasion.com\\\/fr\\\/author\\\/francisco-rodriguez\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Apr\u00e8s la guerre - Fitopasi\u00f3n","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Apr\u00e8s la guerre - Fitopasi\u00f3n","og_description":"J'ai d\u00e9couvert Brest lors d'un congr\u00e8s en 2000. La ville m'a laiss\u00e9 une impression \u00e9trange, comme si j'\u00e9tais dans une maquette grandeur nature. Tout \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s bien rang\u00e9 et \u00e0 sa place. J'ai vite appris que Brest avait \u00e9t\u00e9 ras\u00e9e (litt\u00e9ralement) pendant les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le sentiment que j\u2019avais de ses rues \u00e9manait donc de quelque chose de bien r\u00e9el.","og_url":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html","og_site_name":"Fitopasi\u00f3n","article_published_time":"2021-05-25T17:48:12+00:00","article_modified_time":"2021-08-09T12:22:07+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1328,"height":998,"url":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Francisco Rodriguez","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"Francisco Rodriguez","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"10 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html"},"author":{"name":"Francisco Rodriguez","@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr#\/schema\/person\/b4a4ea098e14f75e2660ed40410d5772"},"headline":"Apr\u00e8s la guerre","datePublished":"2021-05-25T17:48:12+00:00","dateModified":"2021-08-09T12:22:07+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html"},"wordCount":2075,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg","keywords":["Alexandrium minutum","Brest","Crepidula","diatom\u00e9es","Seconde Guerre Mondiale","Yves Montand"],"articleSection":["Non classifi\u00e9(e)"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html","url":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html","name":"Apr\u00e8s la guerre - Fitopasi\u00f3n","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg","datePublished":"2021-05-25T17:48:12+00:00","dateModified":"2021-08-09T12:22:07+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg","width":1328,"height":998},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/2021\/05\/apres-la-guerre.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Portada","item":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Apr\u00e8s la guerre"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr#website","url":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr","name":"Fitopasi\u00f3n","description":"El mundo de las microalgas","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr#organization","name":"Fitopasi\u00f3n","url":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/favicon.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/favicon.jpg","width":742,"height":742,"caption":"Fitopasi\u00f3n"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr#\/schema\/person\/b4a4ea098e14f75e2660ed40410d5772","name":"Francisco Rodriguez","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0318abb1ba76dcec44670e093c0c7addfa54d4aae54338a68925cf8ebdb75b71?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0318abb1ba76dcec44670e093c0c7addfa54d4aae54338a68925cf8ebdb75b71?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0318abb1ba76dcec44670e093c0c7addfa54d4aae54338a68925cf8ebdb75b71?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Francisco Rodriguez"},"description":"Investigador del Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, en el Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo. La idea de este blog surgi\u00f3 a partir de mi trabajo con microalgas marinas. Muchas veces pensaba: \u00a1Qu\u00e9 interesante!, y qu\u00e9 pena !!, porque esta historia no la conocen m\u00e1s que unos pocos cient\u00edficos. No puede ser, yo se la quiero contar a m\u00e1s gente. Lo que no sab\u00eda era que yo mismo iba a aprender much\u00edsimas cosas que no hubiera imaginado sin esta iniciativa. As\u00ed que muchas gracias a todos los que le\u00e9is \u201cFitopasi\u00f3n\u201d, porque sin visitas ni lectores esto no tendr\u00eda raz\u00f3n de ser. Espero sinceramente que disfrut\u00e9is tanto, \u00f3 al menos una peque\u00f1a parte, de lo mucho que lo hago yo.","sameAs":["https:\/\/fitopasion.com"],"url":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/author\/francisco-rodriguez"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/dl_mlg_imgp0928-modifier05x_bd.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p6IFqS-3Ve","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15080"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15080\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17401,"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15080\/revisions\/17401"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14720"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fitopasion.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}